بصیر احمد حسینزاده
نویسنده و پژوهشگر
کاتب از پرکارترین و دقیق النظرترین تاریخ نویسان معاصر است
شانزدهم جدی/ دی امسال برابر است با هشتادمین سالروز درگذشت فیض محمد کاتب هزاره، مورخ مشهور افغانستان و مولف کتاب "سراج التواریخ"، که در سال ۱۳۰۹ خورشیدی در کابل چشم از جهان فروبست.
فیض محمد فرزند محمد وکیل از طایفه محمد خواجه هزاره بود و در روستای زرد سنگ از توابع غزنی در ۱۶ رمضان ۱۲۷۹ قمری به دنیا آمد.
به دنبال جنگ سخت قومی و فرقه ای که در آن محل روی داد و به ویرانی سکونتگاه های هزاره ها منجر شد، بازماندگان طایفه محمد خواجه و دیگر اقوام هزاره به "ناهور" غزنی کوچیدند. پدر کاتب در ناهور وکالت و ریاست طایفه محمد خواجه را بر عهده داشت.
ملا فیض محمد تحصیلات مقدماتی را در زادگاهش و در مکتبخانههای سنتی به انجام رساند و سپس برای ادامه تحصیل به قندهار، لاهور، کابل و نجف رفت و دانشهای متداول روزگار، مانند حکمت، لغت، نجوم، حساب و جبر را آموخت و زبانهای پشتو، عربی، اردو و انگلیسی را هم به اندازه نیاز فراگرفت.
از استادان او در کابل ملا محمد سرور اسحاقزی بود که کاتب "تحریر اقلیدس" و "خلاصه الحساب" و "شرح چغمنی" را نزد وی فرا گرفت.
کاتب خوشنویس
ملا فیض محمد کاتب نویسنده و ادیب روشنفکر و از جمله مشروطه خواهان اول بود که حقیقتا نویسنده پرکار و مورخ عالمی بود
عبدالحی حبیبی
میرزا فیض محمد کاتب از همان دوران کودکی خط خوشی داشت و آنگونه که در دانشنامه ادب فارسی و برخی دیگر از منابع آمده است، استادی اش در خوشنویسی و نویسندگی و پیشنهاد ملا محمد سرور اسحاقزی موجب شد تا در دوره امیر عبدالرحمان خان و دوره پسرش امیر حبیب الله خان به سمت "منشی دربار" گماشته شود و کار نوشتن نامه ها و فرمان های دولتی را به او بسپارند و از همین رو بود که به نام "کاتب" آوازه یافت.
در دانشنامه تاکید شده است که کاتب در خوشنویسی "بسیار استاد" بوده است، ولی "حسین نایل" بر این باور است که: "کاتب خط نستعلیق را خوب می نوشت و می توان صفت خوشنویس را بر او اطلاق کرد، اما نمی توان او را در هنر خوشنویسی استاد نامید".
منشی دربار
طبق گفته حسین نایل، بعد از این تاریخ، کاتب پیوسته با حبیب الله خان در تماس بوده و به هدایت او کار می کرد و از هیمن جهت به کاتب شهرت پیدا کرد که در نتیجه تخلص او شد. خود کاتب در سراج التواریخ در این مورد نوشته است: "...جناب نواب شهزاده سپهر و ساده پیشم خواند و نیکم بنواخت و مامور نقل کتب و کتابتم فرمود..."
با توجه به شناختی که امیر حبیبالله خان از علم و دانش کاتب به ویژه در زمینه تاریخنگاری پیدا کرده بود، به او اجازه داد که کتابی در تاریخ افغانستان از روزگار به قدرت رسیدن احمد شاه درانی تا زمان خود امیر حبیب الله بنگارد و برای این کار همه بایگانی های دولتی، اسناد و مدارک دست اول، نامه ها و فرمان ها گزارشهای روزانه و سایر نوشته های موجود را در اختیار کاتب گذاشت.
کاتب در زندان
بیشتر صاحب نظران بر این باورند که کاتب علیرغم پیوندش با دربار شاهی، اندیشه های آزادی خواهانه ای داشت و از جنبش های پیشرو افغانستان، مانند جنبش مشروطیت پشتیبانی می کرد و آنگونه که "عبدالحی حبیبی" در کتاب "جنبش مشروطیت در افغانستان" روایت کرده است، "ملا فیض محمد کاتب نویسنده و ادیب روشنفکر و از جمله مشروطه خواهان اول بود که حقیقتا نویسنده پرکار و مورخ عالمی بود" و به همین سبب در زمان سرکوب جنبش مشروطیت اول او نیز همراه با دیگر سران جنبش به دست امیر حبیب الله به زندان افتاد.
با توجه به شناخت امیر حبیب الله از کاتب که از زمان شاهزادگی او را می شناخت، بعد از مدت کوتاهی کاتب از زندان رها شد.
کاتب در کتاب 'کرسی نشینان کابل'
پس از بازگشت کاتب از هزاره جات، جاسوسان حکومت کاتب را متهم کردند که مردم را به پایداری و عدم سازش بر انگیخته است و حبیب الله کلکانی بعد از دریافت این اخبار کاتب را دستگیر و مورد ضرب و شتم فروان قرار داد که برخی بر این باورند که کاتب بر اثر همین ضرب و شتم از دنیا رفتبعد از مرگ امیر حبیب الله پسرش امان الله خان به قدرت رسید و آنگونه که "مهدی فرخ"، سفیر وقت دولت پهلوی ایران در افغانستان در کتاب "کرسی نشینان کابل" نوشته است، "مقامات حکومتی تلاش داشتند تا از نفوذ کاتب در دستگاه حکومتی به خاطر شیعه و هزاره بودن جلوگیری نمایند."
"در (زمان) سلطنت امان الله خان و وزارت محمد نادر خان، (کاتب) به مدعی العمومی تعیین گردید و به واسطه مخالفت وزرا که (کاتب) قزلباش (یعنی شیعه) است، مانع از تصدی مشارالیه شدند و کاتب بعد از (این) به وکالت هزاره ها منتخب گردید. عبدالعزیز خان وزیر داخله و جمعی دیگر به شاه مراجعه کردند که اگر این شخص به شورا برود، کسی حاضر نمی شود".
در ادامه کتاب "کرسی نشینان کابل" از روابط کاتب با سفارت ایران سخن رفته است: "(کاتب) از بدو تأسیس سفارت ایران با نهایت صمیمیت و جدیت خدمات قابل توجه به سفارت کرده است. از خیالات و نیات محرمانۀ متصدیان فعلی افغانستان هر قدر که مطلع شود - سفارت را مطلع مینماید. برای مهاجرت به ایران و جلب بربری های افغانستان به ایران و جلوگیری از نیات سوء مأمورین افغانستان در خراسان – حاضر و از روی عقیدۀ مذهبی برای هر فداکاری و زحمتی حاضر است."
در مورد راست و دروغ بودن محتوای این کتاب که برای اولین بار در سال ۱۳۷۰ خورشیدی در تهران منتشر شد، علیرغم تلاش نگارنده به نتیجه مشخصی نرسید و فقط در برخی از نوشته ها در موافقت و مخالفت با محتوای کتاب آنهم فقط در مورد فیض کاتب بعضی ها از روی احساسات که بیشتر توجه به مسایل قومی و مذهبی داشت بحث هایی را مطرح کرده بودند که فاقد وجاهت علمی بود.
ولی حتی اگر محتوای کتاب صحت هم داشته باشد، باید توجه داشت که آن چه که از شرح حال سایر دولتمردان افغانستان در کتاب کرسی نشینان کابل بر می آید این است که ستایش ها و نکوهش ها بر اساس دیپلماسی و منافع سیاسی دولت پهلوی در آن روزگار بوده و برای پی بردن به این موضوع باید شرح حال تمام دولتمردان افغانستان را که در این کتاب آمده است، مطالعه کرد.
طبق روایت فرخ، بسیاری از رجال دولتی و سرداران محمدزایی در آن دوران با سفارت ایران رابطه داشته اند و حتی برخی از شاهزادگان و وزرای دولت امان الله خان، آنگونه که در کتاب روایت شده است، با سفارت ایران رابطه خصوصی داشته اند.
در شرح حال شاهزاده محمد کبیر برادر امان الله خان، شاهزاده امین الله پسر امیر عبدالرحمان خان، محمد یعقوب خان وزیر دربار امان الله خان، محمود خان پسر خاله و از اعضای دفتر امان الله خان و بسیاری دیگر از درباریان آمده است که همگی با سفارت ایران روابط خصوصی داشته اند.
تالیف و تدریس
کاتب در زمان امان الله خان علاوه بر تدریس در مکتب حبیبیه به تالیف کتب درسی هم اشتغال داشت و در این دوره گویا عضو هیاتی علمی، با عضویت کسانی مانند عبدالواسع قندهاری و بدری بیگ بوده است.
طبق برخی از نوشته ها، از جمله دانشنامه ادب فارسی، کاتب در لوی جرگه پغمان حضور داشت و خواستار به رسمیت شناختن مذهب تشیع در کنار مذهب تسنن شد که با مخالفت برخی از روحانیان متعصب سنی روبرو شد و این امر به ضرب و شتم او انجامید.
سفر به هزاره جات
بعد از فرار امان الله خان، حبیب الله کلکانی معروف به "بچه سقا" به قدرت رسید که در حکومت چند ماهه خود با مقاومت مردم هزاره، که طرفدار امان الله خان بودند، روبرو گردید.
در سال ۱۳۰۸ خورشیدی، حبیب الله کلکانی هیاتی از رجال هزاره به سرپرستی فیض محمد کاتب به هزاره جات فرستاد تا مردم هزاره را برای صلح با حکومت ترغیب کند. کاتب اگر چه در ظاهر از حکومت طرفداری می کرد، ولی در مجالس خصوصی هزاره ها، آنها را به مقاومت ترغیب می نمود.
پس از بازگشت کاتب از هزاره جات، جاسوسان حکومت کاتب را متهم کردند که مردم را به پایداری و عدم سازش بر انگیخته است و حبیب الله کلکانی بعد از دریافت این اخبار کاتب را دستگیر و مورد ضرب و شتم فروان قرار داد که برخی بر این باورند که کاتب بر اثر همین ضرب و شتم از دنیا رفت.
ضرب و شتم و درگذشت کاتب
طبق نوشته غلام محمد غبار در کتاب افغانستان در مسیر تاریخ: "مردم دعوت هیئت را رد و خودشان را زنده از راه وردک به کابل رجعت دادند. در نتیجه همین رفت و آمد هیات بود که بچه سقا بر میرزا فیض محمد خان نویسنده سراج التواریخ مشتبه گردید و او را چوب بسیار زد، میرزا مریض شد و بعدها به ایران رفت و بعد از معالجه بر گشت و بمرد."
اما آنگونه که علی رضوی غزنوی در شماره ۱۲ "سراج" خاطرات برخی از یاران و نزدیکان کاتب را نقل کرده، این احتمال هم وجود دارد که کاتب بر اثر ضرب و شتم حکومت وفات نکرده باشد.
در نوشته آقای رضوی آمده: "...فردا که آقای طاهری باز وارخطا (سراسیمه) رفته تا خدای نکرده ملا را چیزی نشده باشد، دیده که وی در خانه خود در گذر (کوچه) شاسمندهای چنداول در نزدیک کلکین (پنجره) نشسته است و به لهجه همیشگی غزنیچی خاص خود به او گفته است: "گفتم که اگه امشو نمردم دیگه نمومرم".
در ادامه همین نوشته، رضوی غزنوی نقل می کند که: "ملا پس از واقعه لت و کوب(ضرب و شتم)، بسیار ناتوان و یک مشت استخوان شده بود. روز ها در دکان (مغازه) میر اکبر آقا می نشست و در کمال احترام انگشت نما بود. ملا در سال اول پادشاهی نادر شاه نیت زیارت امام هشتم را کرد و از راه کویته بلوچستان عازم ایران شد... از سفر زیارت ملا و برگشتنش از مشهد معلوم می شود که وفات او هم از اثر مضروب شدن نبوده و خدا دانا تر است."
کاتب در ۱۶ جدی سال ۱۳۰۹ خورشیدی در "بالا جوی" منطقه چنداول کابل به خاک سپرده شد. او سه بار ازدواج کرد. همسر اول او از قره باغ بود که از او صاحب پسری به نام عبدالصمد و یک دختر گردید، همسر دوم او دختر میرزا خان بابا از کابل بود.
دقیق نویس
ملا فیض محمد کاتب آثار پر شماری نوشته است که برخی منتشر و برخی تا کنون توفیق چاپ نیافته است.
کاتب را می توان یکی از پرکارترین و دقیقترین تاریخنویسان افغانستان دانست که تا کنون نیز کسی به پای او نرسیده است و حجم تالیفات کاتب به بیش از شش هزار صفحه و آثار کتابت شده او به بیش از ده هزار صفحه بالغ می گردد.
آثار
سراج التواریخ
سراج التواریخ را امیر حبیب الله خان شخصا سانسور کرده است.
سراج التواریخ مهمترین اثر تالیفی فیض محمد کاتب می باشد که طبق نوشته اکثر صاحبنظران مستندترین کتاب تاریخی افغانستان است که تا کنون منتشر شده است.
عبدالحی حبیبی مورخ مشهور افغانستان در کتاب جنبش مشروطیت بر این نظر است که "سراج التواریخ که از کارهای ایام پختگی و تجربه های زندگانی او است، نخستین کتاب ضبط وقایع دولتی افغانستان شمرده می شود و برای مورخان دیگری که آثار خود را مطابق به موازین جدید تاریخ نویسی می نوسند، بهترین منبع معلومات به شمار می آید."
سراج التواریخ در چهار جلد نوشته شده است و در جلد اول وقایع سالهای حاکمیت خاندان محمدزایی و جلد دوم تاریخ حاکمیت دوست محمد خان تا سقوط محمد یعقوب خان را در بر دارد که در زمان حاکمیت امیر حبیب الله در کابل به چاپ رسیده است.
جلد سوم سراج التواریخ مربوط به وقایع زمان تسلط امیر عبداالرحمن خان است که مهمترین و بزرگترین بخش این کتاب است که در ۸۶۲ صفحه به قطع بزرگ و حروف ریز نوشته شده و در سال ۱۳۳۳ قمری به چاپ رسید، ولی امیر حبیب الله خان حکم به توقیف آن داد و فقط چند نسخه از آن در اختیار عموم قرار گرفت.
جلد چهارم سراج التواریخ که مربوط به وقایع حکمروایی امیر حبیب الله خان می شود هرگز توفیق چاپ پیدا نکرد و سال گذشته دولت افغانستان یک نسخه از این کتاب را به قیمت ۲۵ هزار دالر از یک کتابخانه خصوصی خریداری نمود و در آرشیو ملی بایگانی کرد.
طبق اسناد و شواهد موجود، جلد چهارم سراج التواریخ نیز همزمان با جلد سوم آن نوشته شده است و شرح بسیاری از رویداد های مندرج در جلد سوم به جلد چهارم ارجاع داده شده است.
از آگهی فروش سراج التواریخ هم که در شماره ۲۱ سال پنجم نشریه سراج الاخبار در ۱۱ سرطان ۱۲۹۵ به چاپ رسیده به خوبی مشخص است که حتی جلد چهارم این کتاب هم در همان زمان امیر حبیب الله به زیر چاپ رفته است.
در آگهی آمده است: "چون کتاب مستطاب سراج التواریخ چهار جلد می باشد که اگر در یک وقایه شیرازه می شد حجم کتاب موجود کلان می شد. لهذا اعلیحضرت همایونی والا امر نمودند که جلد اول و دوم در یک شیرازه و جلد سوم و چهارم آن که هنوز در زیر طبع می باشد پس از آنکه از طبع بر آمد مقوا کرده شده و انشاالله اعلان فروش آن نشر کرده خواهد شد."
تحفة الحبیب
"تحفه الحیب" نام یکی دیگر از آثار کاتب است که در سه جلد نوشته شده و به حوادث تاریخی مربوط به پاشاهان قبل از حبیب الله خان پرداخته که تا کنون چاپ نشده است.
حکمای متقدمین
"تاریخ حکمای متقدمین" این کتاب را کاتب هنگامی نوشته است که از امر تاریخ نگاری به صورت رسمی فراغت داشته و چنانکه از نام کتاب پیدا است به حیات حکمای قدیم می پردازد. این اثر در سال ۱۳۰۲ شمسی از روی خط مولف در مطبعه معارف در ۱۸۹ صفحه به چاپ رسید.
کاتب علاوه بر آثاره متعددی که نوشته در بررسی و تصحیح و تالیف کتاب های درسی هم نقش داشته است و مقالات زیادی از او در نشریه "سراج الخبار"، "آینه عرفان" و "حی علی الفلاح" به چاپ رسیده است.
دیگر آثار تالیفی:
فیضی از فیوضات، چاپ نشده
تذکره الانقلاب، چاپ نشده
سراج التواریخ- بخش دوم از جلد سوم، چاپ نشده
امان الانشا، چاپ نشده
امان التواریخ، چاپ نشده
تاریخ عصر امانی، در دسترس نیست
فقرات شرعیه، در دسترس نیست
وقایع دارالسلطنه، هزاره جات و ترکستان
زمامداری و سیاست کشورداری (در مجله حبل الله چاپ شده است)
آثار تحریر شده به خط میرزا فیض محمد کاتب
دیوان شهاب ترشیزی
در بیان شهاب فیوزهای ضربدار
تحفه الحبیب (در ۳ جلد)
سراج التواریخ (در ۳ جلد)
سراج التواریخ به خط عادی مولف
امان التواریخ، جلد ۱،۳،۴،۷
تاریخ حکمای متقدم (از روی خط مولف چاپ شده)
تذکرة الانقلاب
فیضی از فیوضات
یاداشتهای وقایع مختلف افغانستان
زمامداری و سیاست کشورداری (در مجله حبل الله چاپ شده است)
منابع:
۱- سراج التواریخ، فیض محمد کاتب، کابل ۱۳۳۳ قمری
۲- سراج الاخبار، سال پنجم، شماره ۲۱ یازدهم، سرطان ۱۲۹۵ خورشیدی، کابل
۳- آینه عرفان، (نشریه وزارت معارف افغانستان در دوران امان الله خان)؛ ۱۳۰۳ خورشیدی، کابل.
۴- افغانستان در مسیر تاریخ، غلام محمد غبار، جلد اول.
۵- دانشنامه ادب فارسی در افغانستان، حسن انوشه، ۱۳۸۷ خورشیدی، تهران.
۶- پژوهشی در سراج التواریخ و ملا فیض محمد کاتب، حسین نایل، سراج، سال ششم شماره ۱۶ و ۱۷، مرکز فرهنگی نویسندگان افغانستان، قم، ایران.
۷- به یاد فیض محمد کاتب پیش آهنگ تاریخ نویسی در افغانستان معاصر، دکتر سید علی رضوی غزنوی، سراج؛ شماره ۱۲، سال سوم، ۱۳۷۶ خورشیدی، قم، ایران.
۸- شیوه تاریخ نگاری و تاریخ سازی در افغانستان و جهان، بصیر احمد دولت آبادی، سراج، سال ششم، شماره ۱۸، سال ۱۳۷۸ خورشیدی
۹- چند سخن پیرامون سراج التواریخ و امان التواریخ، سید قاسم رشتیا، سراج، شماره ۱۲، سال ۱۳۷۶.
۱۰- یادی از محقق شهیر کشور فیض محمد کاتب هزاره، سر محقق عبدالصابر جنبش، خط سوم، شماره ۸ و ۹، سال ۱۳۸۵ خورشیدی، مشهد.
۱۱- فیض محمد کاتب و روش تاریخ نویسی، میر حسین شاه، تعاون، شماره چهار، سال هشتم، ۱۳۷۹ خورشیدی، پاکستان.
۱۲- کرسی نشینان کابل (احوال دولتمردان افغانستان در روزگار امیر امان الله خان)، سید مهدی فرخ، به کوشش محمد آصف فکرت، سال ۱۳۷۰، موسسه پژوهش و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران.
۱۳- جنبش مشروطیت در افغانستان، عبدالحی حبیبی، ۱۳۶۳ خورشیدی، کابل.
Link to source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/2011/01/110104_k02-kateb-live-and-books.shtml
Azaranica is a non-biased news aggregator on Hazaras. The main aim is to promote understanding and respect for cultural identities by highlighting the realities they face on daily basis...Hazaras have been the victim of active persecution and discrimination and one of the reasons among many has been the lack of information, awareness, and disinformation.
Wednesday, January 5, 2011
Monday, January 3, 2011
Malaysian Contingent's Humanitarian Mission In Bamiyan
January 03, 2011 13:10 PM
By Mohd Faizal Hassan
KUALA LUMPUR, Jan 3 (Bernama) -- The 40-member Malaysian Armed
Forces Medical Team's humanitarian mission in Bamiyan, Afghanistan,
provided a different experience for the Malaysian contingent in the volatile
nation.
For the first time members of Malaysian security forces set foot in
Afghanistan following the host government's invitation to a non-NATO
contingent to help its people and redevelop the war-torn state.
The mission was a baptism of fire for the Malaysian Armed Forces that have
earned and enviable reputation in its peace keeping role in Somalia,
Bosnia, Cambodia, Timor Leste, Western Sahara, Namibia and Lebanon.
MALCON ISAF'S HUMANITARIAN ROLE
However, this time it was more of a humanitarian role under the Malaysian
Contingent International Security Assistance Force (MALCON ISAF) where
the contingent provided healthcare and taught the locals on healthcare and
the importance of sanitation.
Seven officers and 33 members of other ranks including seven women were
involved in the interim humanitarian operation with the contingent
stationed in the Bamyan region located in central Afghanistan.
The Malaysian Contingent is working hand-in-hand with the Regional
Redevelopment Team from New Zealand with both teams spending six to
nine months there.
STARTING THE JOURNEY IN TWO CHARLIES
Getting there is a whole new experience.
About 500 friends and relatives of the second group of 30 members
congregated at the Royal Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) grounds in
Subang on 19 Oct to send them off for the mission.
Earlier, the first group of 10-member advance party left on July 16 to get
ready the facilities for the team to operate in Bamiyan.
Two of RMAF's Hercules C-130 aircraft known in the aviation circles as
Charlie ferried the team for the first leg of their 50-hour journey.
The aircraft first headed to Qatar carrying along 18.4 tonnes of necessities
and medical equipment for the tour of duty.
A CHALLENGING ROUTE FROM SUBANG TO AFGANISTAN
An hour after leaving Subang, the planes made a stopover in Maldives
before continuing another five hours to Qatar's Al-Udeid air base which was
once used by the US forces to launch attacks on Iraq.
The stopover here is to request permission to enter Afganistan's airspace
and to switch aircraft as only US operated aircraft is allowed to ferry them
to their final destination.
Nonetheless, the team was quite happy with the cooperation provided by
the Qatar and the American authorities in giving the green light.
After being held up for more 24 hours by the paperwork, changes in the
weather and in switching aircraft, the Malaysian team arrived at Bamiyan
Air Base on 22 Oct at about 11.45 am local time in a US Air Force C130.
Their arrival was greeted by Regional Redevelopment Team's Director Richard Newland and the MALCON ISAF commander Lt Col Norazan Omar.
LIVING FACILITIES LIKE BACK HOME
The three building blocks belonging to the Malaysian team at the New
Zealand's Regional Redevelopment Camp in Bamiyan will serve as the
team's base throughout the duration of their stay there.
Lt Col Norazan Omar said: "This facility is very comfortable and the most
comprehensive in Bamiyan, ready with water, electricity and internet.
The three blocks come complete with living quarters, kitchen, dining hall,
surau, toilets and ofice blocks.
Maj (R) Mohamed Yussof Datuk Tahwil Azar the Managing Director for
Urusan Dwi Makna Sdn Bhd, the company appointed to build the three
blocks, said work on the blocks started on Sept 1 and was completed within
45 days.
The construction work undertaken through Afghan Bamica Construction
Company utilised Malaysian engineering expertise and involved 50 to 80
local workers.
Mohamed Yussof noted that the biggest challenge in the undertaking is
bringing in the equipment as there were no proper roads.
EXTREME WEATHER, TIME DIFFERENCE AND LOCAL CULTURE
As the camp is located 9,200 feet from sea level and Afghanistan faces
severe winter from October to March, the extreme drop in temperature
poses a serious challenge for team members.
Malcon-ISAF's Head of Medical Logistics Maj. Hassan Masro pointed out the
freezing temperature that can reach -40 degree Celsius by mid January
could pose problems to team members.
"All team members are provided with winter clothing and have been trained
mentally and physically to face this challenge," he said.
Nonetheless, the camp's location high above sea level provides a
spectacular panorama of the hilly terrain below including the famous silk
road passing through the foothills that was once used by traders between
Europe and China.
Other than that due to the change in the time zone, there is a five hour
difference between Bamiyan and Malaysia and thus the team have adjust
their bed time, meal times and prayer time for the next six months.
CONSERVATIVE LOCAL CUSTOMS
The team has learned many of the local customs that is far different unlike
back home.
In Bamiyan one of the customs is that the men and women are segregated
in all activities outside home and thus a male doctor can only treat a male
patient and a female doctor can only treat a female patient.
The locals were initially reluctant to approach the Malaysian team members
or to receive treatment at the clinic but after a while they became familiar
with the team.
MALCON ISAF's Medical Officer Maj Dr Mohammad Azim Che Azmi observed
that the locals were ignorant on healthcare and sanitation and they have
been used to living in deplorable condition all this while.
He elaborated that the team is not here to change their ways but to raise
awareness on the importance of personal hygiene.
Another MALCON ISAF Medical Officer Capt (Dr) Ummi Khaltum Mohamed
Taib said it is not going to be easy in changing their ways towards greater
hygiene.
It is very important to keep the hands clean but how to achieve this when
many of the people here rub their hands on rocks to keep themselves
warm.
BAMIYAN CALLS FOR THE WORLD'S ASSISTANCE
The medical team also found that there is a lack of doctors and nurses here
and they have to attend to all the ailments even when the aliments are not
in the area of their specialisation.
Bamiyan with a population of 60,000 lacks maternity nurses,
ophthalmologist, dietitians and general healthcare practitioners and faces
the constant threat of deadly diseases like tuberculosis, malaria and
typhoid.
The medical team also observed that Bamiyan is in serious need of
international help in developing infrastructure like roads and hospitals.
While developing the infrastructure here poses a challenge due to the
elevation and extreme weather, this region is known to the world for its
historical Buddha monuments recognised by UNESCO and thus holds good potential to emerge as a tourism district.
MALAYSIAN HOSPITALITY WELCOMED IN AFGANISTAN
Malaysia's impeccable record in international peacekeeping and
humanitarian mission prompted the Afgan authorities to invite Malaysia to
provide healthcare for its citizens.
Bamiyan's governor Habiba Sarabi said Malaysia's expertise in this field and
the common Islamic background that both nations shared were among the
factors that impressed the Afghan government.
Habiba appreciated Malaysia's acceptance of the offer though the area
where the Malaysian team is stationed lacks clean water, electricity, roads
that are dusty and filled with stones.
He also hoped that Malaysian investors would consider undertaking
development in the district in areas like eco-tourism and food industries.
Bamiyan has many interesting sites to see and also known for its potatoes.
A SUCCESSFUL MISSION
Meanwhile, Defence Minister Datuk Seri Dr Ahmad Zahid Hamidi said the
team in Afghanistan would be expanded from 40 to 120 in due course with
a third team joining in.
"We are also in talks with third parties to jointly sponsor the facilities and
the cost in maintaining the team there as the whole exercise is very
costly."
"During the recent courtesy call by the British army general, I asked his
assistance to look for parties that can help share the cost and if possible we
want other Muslim nations like Indonesia and Brunei to join in our mission,"
he said.
MALCON ISAF's mission is no small feat when looking at the challenges that
the team have to face in Afghanistan and at the same time in maintaining
Malaysia sterling record in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions in
foreign land.
-- BERNAMA
By Mohd Faizal Hassan
KUALA LUMPUR, Jan 3 (Bernama) -- The 40-member Malaysian Armed
Forces Medical Team's humanitarian mission in Bamiyan, Afghanistan,
provided a different experience for the Malaysian contingent in the volatile
nation.
For the first time members of Malaysian security forces set foot in
Afghanistan following the host government's invitation to a non-NATO
contingent to help its people and redevelop the war-torn state.
The mission was a baptism of fire for the Malaysian Armed Forces that have
earned and enviable reputation in its peace keeping role in Somalia,
Bosnia, Cambodia, Timor Leste, Western Sahara, Namibia and Lebanon.
MALCON ISAF'S HUMANITARIAN ROLE
However, this time it was more of a humanitarian role under the Malaysian
Contingent International Security Assistance Force (MALCON ISAF) where
the contingent provided healthcare and taught the locals on healthcare and
the importance of sanitation.
Seven officers and 33 members of other ranks including seven women were
involved in the interim humanitarian operation with the contingent
stationed in the Bamyan region located in central Afghanistan.
The Malaysian Contingent is working hand-in-hand with the Regional
Redevelopment Team from New Zealand with both teams spending six to
nine months there.
STARTING THE JOURNEY IN TWO CHARLIES
Getting there is a whole new experience.
About 500 friends and relatives of the second group of 30 members
congregated at the Royal Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) grounds in
Subang on 19 Oct to send them off for the mission.
Earlier, the first group of 10-member advance party left on July 16 to get
ready the facilities for the team to operate in Bamiyan.
Two of RMAF's Hercules C-130 aircraft known in the aviation circles as
Charlie ferried the team for the first leg of their 50-hour journey.
The aircraft first headed to Qatar carrying along 18.4 tonnes of necessities
and medical equipment for the tour of duty.
A CHALLENGING ROUTE FROM SUBANG TO AFGANISTAN
An hour after leaving Subang, the planes made a stopover in Maldives
before continuing another five hours to Qatar's Al-Udeid air base which was
once used by the US forces to launch attacks on Iraq.
The stopover here is to request permission to enter Afganistan's airspace
and to switch aircraft as only US operated aircraft is allowed to ferry them
to their final destination.
Nonetheless, the team was quite happy with the cooperation provided by
the Qatar and the American authorities in giving the green light.
After being held up for more 24 hours by the paperwork, changes in the
weather and in switching aircraft, the Malaysian team arrived at Bamiyan
Air Base on 22 Oct at about 11.45 am local time in a US Air Force C130.
Their arrival was greeted by Regional Redevelopment Team's Director Richard Newland and the MALCON ISAF commander Lt Col Norazan Omar.
LIVING FACILITIES LIKE BACK HOME
The three building blocks belonging to the Malaysian team at the New
Zealand's Regional Redevelopment Camp in Bamiyan will serve as the
team's base throughout the duration of their stay there.
Lt Col Norazan Omar said: "This facility is very comfortable and the most
comprehensive in Bamiyan, ready with water, electricity and internet.
The three blocks come complete with living quarters, kitchen, dining hall,
surau, toilets and ofice blocks.
Maj (R) Mohamed Yussof Datuk Tahwil Azar the Managing Director for
Urusan Dwi Makna Sdn Bhd, the company appointed to build the three
blocks, said work on the blocks started on Sept 1 and was completed within
45 days.
The construction work undertaken through Afghan Bamica Construction
Company utilised Malaysian engineering expertise and involved 50 to 80
local workers.
Mohamed Yussof noted that the biggest challenge in the undertaking is
bringing in the equipment as there were no proper roads.
EXTREME WEATHER, TIME DIFFERENCE AND LOCAL CULTURE
As the camp is located 9,200 feet from sea level and Afghanistan faces
severe winter from October to March, the extreme drop in temperature
poses a serious challenge for team members.
Malcon-ISAF's Head of Medical Logistics Maj. Hassan Masro pointed out the
freezing temperature that can reach -40 degree Celsius by mid January
could pose problems to team members.
"All team members are provided with winter clothing and have been trained
mentally and physically to face this challenge," he said.
Nonetheless, the camp's location high above sea level provides a
spectacular panorama of the hilly terrain below including the famous silk
road passing through the foothills that was once used by traders between
Europe and China.
Other than that due to the change in the time zone, there is a five hour
difference between Bamiyan and Malaysia and thus the team have adjust
their bed time, meal times and prayer time for the next six months.
CONSERVATIVE LOCAL CUSTOMS
The team has learned many of the local customs that is far different unlike
back home.
In Bamiyan one of the customs is that the men and women are segregated
in all activities outside home and thus a male doctor can only treat a male
patient and a female doctor can only treat a female patient.
The locals were initially reluctant to approach the Malaysian team members
or to receive treatment at the clinic but after a while they became familiar
with the team.
MALCON ISAF's Medical Officer Maj Dr Mohammad Azim Che Azmi observed
that the locals were ignorant on healthcare and sanitation and they have
been used to living in deplorable condition all this while.
He elaborated that the team is not here to change their ways but to raise
awareness on the importance of personal hygiene.
Another MALCON ISAF Medical Officer Capt (Dr) Ummi Khaltum Mohamed
Taib said it is not going to be easy in changing their ways towards greater
hygiene.
It is very important to keep the hands clean but how to achieve this when
many of the people here rub their hands on rocks to keep themselves
warm.
BAMIYAN CALLS FOR THE WORLD'S ASSISTANCE
The medical team also found that there is a lack of doctors and nurses here
and they have to attend to all the ailments even when the aliments are not
in the area of their specialisation.
Bamiyan with a population of 60,000 lacks maternity nurses,
ophthalmologist, dietitians and general healthcare practitioners and faces
the constant threat of deadly diseases like tuberculosis, malaria and
typhoid.
The medical team also observed that Bamiyan is in serious need of
international help in developing infrastructure like roads and hospitals.
While developing the infrastructure here poses a challenge due to the
elevation and extreme weather, this region is known to the world for its
historical Buddha monuments recognised by UNESCO and thus holds good potential to emerge as a tourism district.
MALAYSIAN HOSPITALITY WELCOMED IN AFGANISTAN
Malaysia's impeccable record in international peacekeeping and
humanitarian mission prompted the Afgan authorities to invite Malaysia to
provide healthcare for its citizens.
Bamiyan's governor Habiba Sarabi said Malaysia's expertise in this field and
the common Islamic background that both nations shared were among the
factors that impressed the Afghan government.
Habiba appreciated Malaysia's acceptance of the offer though the area
where the Malaysian team is stationed lacks clean water, electricity, roads
that are dusty and filled with stones.
He also hoped that Malaysian investors would consider undertaking
development in the district in areas like eco-tourism and food industries.
Bamiyan has many interesting sites to see and also known for its potatoes.
A SUCCESSFUL MISSION
Meanwhile, Defence Minister Datuk Seri Dr Ahmad Zahid Hamidi said the
team in Afghanistan would be expanded from 40 to 120 in due course with
a third team joining in.
"We are also in talks with third parties to jointly sponsor the facilities and
the cost in maintaining the team there as the whole exercise is very
costly."
"During the recent courtesy call by the British army general, I asked his
assistance to look for parties that can help share the cost and if possible we
want other Muslim nations like Indonesia and Brunei to join in our mission,"
he said.
MALCON ISAF's mission is no small feat when looking at the challenges that
the team have to face in Afghanistan and at the same time in maintaining
Malaysia sterling record in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions in
foreign land.
-- BERNAMA
Ethnic discrimination infests Afghan army, soldiers say
By Claire Truscott (AFP)
MUSA QALA, Afghanistan — Disgruntled Afghan soldiers dish out five-dollar dinner plates of fried rice and potatoes to US Marines at a camp on the frontline against the Taliban in southern Afghanistan.
This culinary sideline, which supplements the US forces' spartan rations, helps the Afghans save enough cash to bribe their commander to give them time off to see their families, the men say. Some never return.
Speaking in secret afterwards, the Afghan troops told AFP that because they are ethnic minorities in the country's Pashtun-heavy army, bribery is the only way they can make sure their Pashtun commander gives them a break.
"The commander tells us, 'search your pockets'. If somebody gives him money, he can take vacation. I don't have any money so I can't go," said one soldier, a 20-year-old ethnic Hazara man.
"As a non-Pashtun, I'm cheap. I'm not as valuable to them (the army) as a Pashtun soldier," added a Tajik, who like others requested anonymity for fear of retribution.
The situation is sapping morale among young recruits at a small base in the Musa Qala district of volatile Helmand province, a highly dangerous area and one of Afghanistan's main Taliban flashpoints.
This is just one of the issues dogging Afghanistan's 150,000-member national army, whose strength is key to the plan for international troops gradually to withdraw and hand responsibility for security to Afghan forces by 2014.
A report from respected NGO International Crisis Group in May said today's Afghan army was "incapable of fighting the insurgency on its own", highlighting ethnic factionalism, illiteracy, drug addiction and desertion.
Its research found that Pashtuns and Tajiks -- thought to make up 42 and 27 percent of all Afghans respectively -- dominate the officer ranks, while Hazaras, Uzbeks and other groups remain under-represented at that level.
General Mohammad Zaher Azimi of the Ministry of Defence said that the Afghan National Army (ANA) was ethnically balanced and that it would not stand for any discrimination in the ranks.
"We are not aware of any mistreatment of soldiers from one ethnic group by officers from another ethnic group, or officers taking bribes to give soldiers leave," he told AFP.
"But we will investigate these reports and if we find out they are true, we will take proper measures to solve them. We will not tolerate any kind of discrimination in the national army."
Feelings of alienation do not help fire up the young recruits for their job, which many admit they find frightening and only stick with for the relatively decent wage of 280 US dollars per month.
Dangers lurk both on and off the battlefield -- Taliban attacks on army targets in Afghanistan's towns and cities are frequent, with nine troops killed in one day last month in Kabul and Kunduz.
"I'm scared, who cannot be scared of a Taliban attack? If the foreigners leave, we don't have anything," said the young Tajik soldier, who has another three years to serve before he can leave the army.
"Most of us are scared because we just come to get money. We're scared to get in front of the bullet," added the Hazara soldier.
"A lot of soldiers take vacation and never come back. Without the Marines' help we cannot look after Musa Qala. And because of the national ethnic problems, I think the army will remain weak."
US Marine commanders say they are pleased with the progress of the soldiers they are training through daily lessons and joint patrols.
When the troops leave their base, the Marines lead the way while Afghan soldiers conduct searches of people and compounds.
But when the international forces do battle with the Taliban, Afghan soldiers take a back seat.
On one patrol, an Uzbek soldier summed up the despair felt by many of his brothers in arms.
"Non-Pashtun people have no value here. What can I do?" he said. "How can our country be built if things go on like this?"
Link to Source: http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ix6_E0ebrinN05bxP-CFnPz1ADsg?docId=CNG.9b3734321ed62d26cc8b8df2670a9dc0.141
MUSA QALA, Afghanistan — Disgruntled Afghan soldiers dish out five-dollar dinner plates of fried rice and potatoes to US Marines at a camp on the frontline against the Taliban in southern Afghanistan.
This culinary sideline, which supplements the US forces' spartan rations, helps the Afghans save enough cash to bribe their commander to give them time off to see their families, the men say. Some never return.
Speaking in secret afterwards, the Afghan troops told AFP that because they are ethnic minorities in the country's Pashtun-heavy army, bribery is the only way they can make sure their Pashtun commander gives them a break.
"The commander tells us, 'search your pockets'. If somebody gives him money, he can take vacation. I don't have any money so I can't go," said one soldier, a 20-year-old ethnic Hazara man.
"As a non-Pashtun, I'm cheap. I'm not as valuable to them (the army) as a Pashtun soldier," added a Tajik, who like others requested anonymity for fear of retribution.
The situation is sapping morale among young recruits at a small base in the Musa Qala district of volatile Helmand province, a highly dangerous area and one of Afghanistan's main Taliban flashpoints.
This is just one of the issues dogging Afghanistan's 150,000-member national army, whose strength is key to the plan for international troops gradually to withdraw and hand responsibility for security to Afghan forces by 2014.
A report from respected NGO International Crisis Group in May said today's Afghan army was "incapable of fighting the insurgency on its own", highlighting ethnic factionalism, illiteracy, drug addiction and desertion.
Its research found that Pashtuns and Tajiks -- thought to make up 42 and 27 percent of all Afghans respectively -- dominate the officer ranks, while Hazaras, Uzbeks and other groups remain under-represented at that level.
General Mohammad Zaher Azimi of the Ministry of Defence said that the Afghan National Army (ANA) was ethnically balanced and that it would not stand for any discrimination in the ranks.
"We are not aware of any mistreatment of soldiers from one ethnic group by officers from another ethnic group, or officers taking bribes to give soldiers leave," he told AFP.
"But we will investigate these reports and if we find out they are true, we will take proper measures to solve them. We will not tolerate any kind of discrimination in the national army."
Feelings of alienation do not help fire up the young recruits for their job, which many admit they find frightening and only stick with for the relatively decent wage of 280 US dollars per month.
Dangers lurk both on and off the battlefield -- Taliban attacks on army targets in Afghanistan's towns and cities are frequent, with nine troops killed in one day last month in Kabul and Kunduz.
"I'm scared, who cannot be scared of a Taliban attack? If the foreigners leave, we don't have anything," said the young Tajik soldier, who has another three years to serve before he can leave the army.
"Most of us are scared because we just come to get money. We're scared to get in front of the bullet," added the Hazara soldier.
"A lot of soldiers take vacation and never come back. Without the Marines' help we cannot look after Musa Qala. And because of the national ethnic problems, I think the army will remain weak."
US Marine commanders say they are pleased with the progress of the soldiers they are training through daily lessons and joint patrols.
When the troops leave their base, the Marines lead the way while Afghan soldiers conduct searches of people and compounds.
But when the international forces do battle with the Taliban, Afghan soldiers take a back seat.
On one patrol, an Uzbek soldier summed up the despair felt by many of his brothers in arms.
"Non-Pashtun people have no value here. What can I do?" he said. "How can our country be built if things go on like this?"
Link to Source: http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ix6_E0ebrinN05bxP-CFnPz1ADsg?docId=CNG.9b3734321ed62d26cc8b8df2670a9dc0.141
Sunday, January 2, 2011
The story of Rupananda from Bamiyan
Double click to open the following link to read the story in Pdf formate:
http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_12_01_02.pdf
http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_12_01_02.pdf
The Story Of Bamiyan Buddhas - how marvels were created and massacred
It’s almost a decade the World’s tallest standing Buddha’s statues of Bamiyan were obliterated…An incident which can't be justified on any account . It's inherent human nature to create and destory...
Ancient archaeological remains have been thrust into the cruel world of today's seemingly endless conflicts — the ever-changing aims and alliances of international politics, religions dueling on the world stage, and the ironic trade-off of providing aid to conserve the material heritage of the past but not to preserve the lives of modern inheritors of that past. Arrayed against the tolerant and measured messages of Buddhism, the quagmire of the "Bamiyan Massacre" was perplexing at best.
In the center of Afghanistan, the town of Bamiyan, situated ca. 200 km NW of Kabul at an altitude of approximately 2500 meters, is considered an oasis in the center of a long valley that separates the big chains of Hindu Kush Mountains. Bamiyan functioned as one of the greatest Buddhist centers for nearly five centuries. It's a place of open fields and sky, with a long, rich history - evidences of which were destroyed even before scholars could start understanding it fully.
The valley, at an altitude of 2,500 m, follows the Bamiyan River. Some 1,500 years ago, the valley was a busy node on the trade route between China and India, in a part of Asia where languages and religions -- Buddhism, Hinduism and, later, Islam – coexisted. It was inhabited and partly urbanized from the 3rd century BC.
It was also home to a great Buddhist monastic center, one that nurtured epoch-changing religious concepts and produced a fantastic new art, including the world's largest rock-carved figures of the standing Buddha. Among the tallest standing Buddhas in the world, the Bamiyan, Afghanistan Buddhas stood 53 meters (175 feet) and 34.5 meters tall. These two big standing Buddha statues and a small of a seated Buddha were carved out of the sedimentary rock of the region. They were begun in the second century A.D. under the patronage of Emperor Kanishka and probably finished around the fourth and fifth centuries A.D.
The Statue Stood the Barabrism of Genghis Khan but couldn't Stand the Modern Barbarism of taliban ...
The larger statue (upper image) was 55 metres (175 feets) high and it was carved at the western end of the cliff-face. It was painted in red and it is thought to represent Vairocana in whom the entire universe is encompassed, and in their stupendous scale, this immensity is made literal.
The smaller statue (lower image) was ca. 38 metres (115 feet) high and it was situated at the eastern end of the cliff. It was painted in blue and probably represents Buddha Sakyamuni. The two colossi must once have been a truly awesome sight, visible for miles, with copper masks for faces and copper-covered hands
The two large Buddhas were cut in deep relief directly from the rock. The surrounding cliffs were honeycombed with dozens of small caves, dug out either as monastic residences or for rituals. Many caves, along with the niches around the Buddhas, were covered with murals, now largely damaged or missing.
In 16th century CE, the site is reported to have contained some 12,000 caves, forming a large ensemble of Buddhist monasteries, chapels and sanctuaries, along the foothills of the valley. A preliminary geophysical exploration in 2002 has indicated the presence of ancient roads and wall structures. In several of the caves and niches, often linked with communicating galleries, there are remains of wall paintings. There are also remains of seated Buddha figures.
The art is a compendium of ancient styles, from India, Persia and Gandhara, where Greco-Roman-inspired traditions survived. Along with its stylistic dynamism, Bamiyan statues reflect major shifts in Buddhism itself. For centuries, the Buddha was revered as a human figure, but with time he came to be seen as a transcendent being and icon. These towering, transcendental images were key symbols in the rise of Mahayana Buddhist teachings, which emphasized the ability of everyone, not just monks, to achieve enlightenment.
For centuries they gazed benevolently from their mountain homes as wars raged across the Afghan plains in central Bamiyan province. Hewn into the cliffs in the sixth century by Buddhist pilgrims on the famed Silk Route, the statues had survived attacks by several Muslim emperors down the ages, while even Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan had spared them. Based on present practices using only hand labor and simple tools, the statues could have been craved in a few decades. But the two massive Buddha statues have become casualties, destroyed by command of the Afghan Taliban in early March 2001 in a week time.
In 1998, a Taliban commander fired grenades at the smaller statue, knocking off its upper half. The Taliban bombed the mountain above the statues frequently, cracking the niches that held the statues and damaging the colossi further. By winter 2001, pleas were raining down on the Taliban from around the world to spare the statues. Pleaders included the Buddhist Thai monarchy and Sri Lanka, itself home to a set of giant Buddha statues. “Unesco, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and a leading Islamic scholar in Cairo were also among those begging the Taliban not to carry out their threat to the Bamiyan statues and other Buddha images in museums across the country,” wrote Barbara Crossette in The New York Times.
But, to no avail.
On Feb. 26, 2001, the Taliban’s supreme leader, Mullah Mohammad Omar with the backing of Osama bin Laden's Al-Qaeda movement, declared that “these idols have been gods of the infidels” and ordered them destroyed. Defying international appeals, the Taliban spent a month using first anti-aircraft guns and then dynamite to obliterate them. By early March, the statues were rubble.
That sight is now retrievable only when pieced together from material evidence. And evidence, at Bamiyan and elsewhere in Afghanistan, may be going fast. The fate of thousands of precious objects in the Kabul Museum, one of the most important collections in Asia, is unknown. Among its treasures are the priceless Begram ivories, pocket-size carvings that in art-history terms have a weight as ponderous as the Bamiyan colossi.
Today those open, cold caves are used primarily by refugees from Afghanistan's brutal, internal war.
The world community — from Russia to Malaysia, Germany to Sri Lanka, and, of course, UNESCO — has expressed horror at the Buddhas' destruction. Many Mullahs in Islamic countries condemned Mullah Omar's interpretation as wrong-headed and damaging to the image of Islam.
It is fitting that in his previous lives, as recorded in Jakata Tales, the Buddha often sacrificed himself, becoming food for a tiger and her cubs, for instance, and for a hungry hawk chasing a pigeon. But while the Buddha had learned to accept impermanence, we mortals couldn’t ……
The New Findings
Graphic Showing On Going Excavation at Bamiyan
After the destruction of the Buddhas, 50 caves were revealed. In 12 of the caves wall paintings were discovered. In December 2004, Japanese researchers stated the wall paintings at Bamiyan were painted between the 5th and the 9th centuries, rather than the 6th to 8th centuries, citing their analysis of radioactive isotopes contained in straw fibers found beneath the paintings. It is believed that the paintings were done by artists travelling on the Silk Road, the trade route between China and the West.
It is believed that they are the oldest known surviving examples of oil painting, possibly predating oil painting in Europe by as much as six centuries.
On 8 September 2008 archeologists searching for a legendary 300-metre statue at the site of the already dynamited Buddhas announced the discovery of an unknown 19-metre (62-foot) reclining Buddha, a pose representing Buddha's passage into nirvana.
Link to Source: http://dilipkumar.in/articles/travel/the-story-of-bamiyan-buddhas-how-marvels-were-created-and-massacred.html
Saturday, January 1, 2011
Plan "B" for Afghanistan
Double Click to open following link and read Foriegn Affair article in Pdf formate:
http://www.trilateral.org/download/file/Blackwill%20FA%20-%20Plan%20B%20in%20Afghanistan.pdf
We like to know your thoughts....leave a comment on the subject...
http://www.trilateral.org/download/file/Blackwill%20FA%20-%20Plan%20B%20in%20Afghanistan.pdf
We like to know your thoughts....leave a comment on the subject...
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